1 Timothy 3:11–“women” or “wives”

Richard Barcellos:

The word “women” (NASB 1995) and “wives” (NKJV and ESV) is the translation of the Greek word Γυναῖκας (Gynaikas). This same Greek word is used in 1 Timothy 3:2: “An overseer, then, must be above reproach, the husband of one wife” (1 Tim. 3:2, NASB 1995); “A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife” (1 Tim. 3:2, NKJV); “Therefore an overseer must be above reproach, the husband of one wife” (1 Tim. 3:2, ESV); δεῖ οὖν τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀνεπίλημπτον εἶναι, μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα (1 Tim. 3:2). It is of interest to note that at 3:2 it is translated as “wife” in the NASB 1995, NKJV, and ESV. In fact, it is translated “wife” at 3:2 in all the major English translations I checked. This same Greek word is also translated “wife” in 3:12 (“Deacons must be husbands of only one wife” (1 Tim. 3:12, NASB 1995). Paul uses the same Greek word in 1 Timothy 5:9, “A widow is to be put on the list only if she is not less than sixty years old, having been the wife of one man” (1 Tim. 5:9, NASB 1995) and Titus 1:6, “namely, if any man is above reproach, the husband of one wife, (Titus 1:6, NASB 1995). Both instances are translated “wife.” He does the same thing outside the Pastoral Epistles: Ephesians 5:22 says, “Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord” (Eph. 5:22, NASB 1995; he uses the same Greek word in Col. 3:18 and it is translated “wives” there as well).

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The Responsibilities of Deacons

The New Testament does not provide much information concerning the role of deacons. The requirements given in 1 Timothy 3:8-12 focus on the deacon’s character and family life. There are, however, some clues as to the function of deacons when their requirements are compared with those of the elders. Although many of the qualifications are the same or very similar, there are some notable differences.

Perhaps the most noticeable distinction between elders and deacons is that deacons do not need to be “able to teach” (1 Tim. 3:2). Deacons are called to “hold” to the faith with a clear conscience, but they are not called to “teach” that faith (1 Tim. 3:9). This suggests that the deacons do not have an official teaching role in the church.

Like elders, deacons must manage their house and children well (1 Tim. 3:4, 12). But when referring to deacons, Paul omits the section where he compares managing one’s household to taking care of God’s church (1 Tim. 3:5). The reason for this omission is most likely due to the fact that deacons are not given a ruling or leading position in the church—that function belongs to the elders.

Although Paul indicates that a person must be tested before he can hold the office of deacon (1 Tim. 3:10), the requirement that he cannot be a new convert is not included. Paul notes that if an elder is a recent convert “he may become puffed up with conceit” (1 Tim. 3:6). One implication concerning this distinction could be that those who hold the office of elder are more susceptible to pride because they possess leadership over the church. On the contrary, it is not as likely for a deacon, who is in more of a servant role, to fall into this same sin. Finally, the title “overseer” (1 Tim. 3:2) implies general oversight over the spiritual well-being of the congregation, whereas the title “deacon” implies one who has a service-oriented ministry.

Beyond what we can glean from these differences in qualifications, the Bible does not clearly indicate the function of deacons. Yet based on the pattern established in Acts 6 with the apostles and the Seven, it seems best to view deacons as servants who do whatever is necessary to allow the elders to accomplish their God-given calling of shepherding and teaching the church. Just as the apostles delegated administrative responsibilities to the Seven, so the elders are to delegate certain responsibilities to the deacons so that the elders can focus their efforts elsewhere. As a result, each local church is free to define the tasks of deacons based on their particular needs.

What are some duties that deacons might be responsible for today? They could be responsible for anything that’s not related to teaching and shepherding the church. Such duties might include:

Facilities: The deacons could be responsible for managing the church property. This would include making sure the place of worship is prepared for the worship service, cleaning up, or running the sound system.

Benevolence: Similar to what took place in Acts 6:1–6 with the daily distribution to the widows, the deacons may be involved in administrating funds or other assistance to the needy.

Finances: While the elders should probably oversee the financial business of the church (Acts 11:30), it may be best left to the deacons to handle the day-to-day matters. This would include collecting and counting the offering, keeping records, and so on.

Ushers: The deacons could be responsible for distributing bulletins, seating the congregation, or preparing the elements for communion.

Logistics: Deacons should be available to help in variety of ways so that the elders are able to concentrate on teaching and shepherding the church.

Adapted from The Biblical Qualifications and Responsibilities of Deacons by Benjamin Merkle

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